Oracle Built in Functions
There are two types of functions in Oracle.
1) Single Row Functions: Single row or Scalar functions return a value for every row that is processed in a query.
2) Group Functions: These functions group the rows of data based on the values returned by the query. This is discussed in SQL GROUP Functions. The group functions are used to calculate aggregate values like total or average, which return just one total or one average value after processing a group of rows.
There are four types of single row functions. They are:
1) Numeric Functions: These are functions that accept numeric input and return numeric values.
2) Character or Text Functions: These are functions that accept character input and can return both character and number values.
3) Date Functions: These are functions that take values that are of datatype DATE as input and return values of datatype DATE, except for the MONTHS_BETWEEN function, which returns a number.
4) Conversion Functions: These are functions that help us to convert a value in one form to another form. For Example: a null value into an actual value, or a value from one datatype to another datatype like NVL, TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, TO_DATE etc.
You can combine more than one function together in an expression. This is known as nesting of functions.
What is a DUAL Table in Oracle?
This is a single row and single column dummy table provided by oracle. This is used to perform mathematical calculations without using a table.
Select * from DUAL
Output:
DUMMY
-------
X
Select 777 * 888 from Dual
Output:
777 * 888
---------
689976
1) Numeric Functions:
Numeric functions are used to perform operations on numbers. They accept numeric values as input and return numeric values as output. Few of the Numeric functions are:
| Function Name | Return Value |
| ABS (x) | Absolute value of the number 'x' |
| CEIL (x) | Integer value that is Greater than or equal to the number 'x' |
| FLOOR (x) | Integer value that is Less than or equal to the number 'x' |
| TRUNC (x, y) | Truncates value of number 'x' up to 'y' decimal places |
| ROUND (x, y) | Rounded off value of the number 'x' up to the number 'y' decimal places |
The following examples explains the usage of the above numeric functions
| Function Name | Examples | Return Value |
| ABS (x) | ABS (1) ABS (-1) |
1 -1 |
| CEIL (x) | CEIL (2.83) CEIL (2.49) CEIL (-1.6) |
3 3 -1 |
| FLOOR (x) | FLOOR (2.83) FLOOR (2.49) FLOOR (-1.6) |
2 2 -2 |
| TRUNC (x, y) | ROUND (125.456, 1) ROUND (125.456, 0) ROUND (124.456, -1) |
125.4 125 120 |
| ROUND (x, y) | TRUNC (140.234, 2) TRUNC (-54, 1) TRUNC (5.7) TRUNC (142, -1) |
140.23 54 5 140 |
These functions can be used on database columns.
For Example: Let's consider the product table used in sql joins. We can use ROUND to round off the unit_price to the nearest integer, if any product has prices in fraction.
SELECT ROUND (unit_price)
FROM product;
2) Character or Text Functions:
Character or text functions are used to manipulate text strings. They accept strings or characters as input and can return both character and number values as output.
Few of the character or text functions are as given below:
| Function Name | Return Value |
| LOWER (string_value) | All the letters in 'string_value' is converted to lowercase. |
| UPPER (string_value) | All the letters in 'string_value' is converted to uppercase. |
| INITCAP (string_value) | All the letters in 'string_value' is converted to mixed case. |
| LTRIM (string_value, trim_text) | All occurrences of 'trim_text' is removed from the left of 'string_value'. |
| RTRIM (string_value, trim_text) | All occurrences of 'trim_text' is removed from the right of 'string_value' . |
| TRIM (trim_text FROM string_value) | All occurrences of 'trim_text' from the left and right of 'string_value' , 'trim_text' can also be only one character long . |
| SUBSTR (string_value, m, n) | Returns 'n' number of characters from 'string_value' starting from the 'm' position. |
| LENGTH (string_value) | Number of characters in 'string_value' in returned. |
| LPAD (string_value, n, pad_value) | Returns 'string_value' left-padded with 'pad_value' . The length of the whole string will be of 'n' characters. |
| RPAD (string_value, n, pad_value) | Returns 'string_value' right-padded with 'pad_value' . The length of the whole string will be of 'n' characters. |
For Example, we can use the above UPPER() text function with the column value as follows.
SELECT UPPER (product_name) FROM product;
The following examples explains the usage of the above character or text functions
| Function Name | Examples | Return Value |
| LOWER(string_value) | LOWER('Good Morning') | good morning |
| UPPER(string_value) | UPPER('Good Morning') | GOOD MORNING |
| INITCAP(string_value) | INITCAP('GOOD MORNING') | Good Morning |
| LTRIM(string_value, trim_text) | LTRIM ('Good Morning', 'Good) | Morning |
| RTRIM (string_value, trim_text) | RTRIM ('Good Morning', ' Morning') | Good |
| TRIM (trim_text FROM string_value) | TRIM ('o' FROM 'Good Morning') | Gd Mrning |
| SUBSTR (string_value, m, n) | SUBSTR ('Good Morning', 6, 7) | Morning |
| LENGTH (string_value) | LENGTH ('Good Morning') | 12 |
| LPAD (string_value, n, pad_value) | LPAD ('Good', 6, '*') | **Good |
| RPAD (string_value, n, pad_value) | RPAD ('Good', 6, '*') | Good** |
3) Date Functions:
These are functions that take values that are of datatype DATE as input and return values of datatypes DATE, except for the MONTHS_BETWEEN function, which returns a number as output.
Few date functions are as given below.
| Function Name | Return Value |
| ADD_MONTHS (date, n) | Returns a date value after adding 'n' months to the date 'x'. |
| MONTHS_BETWEEN (x1, x2) | Returns the number of months between dates x1 and x2. |
| ROUND (x, date_format) | Returns the date 'x' rounded off to the nearest century, year, month, date, hour, minute, or second as specified by the 'date_format'. |
| TRUNC (x, date_format) | Returns the date 'x' lesser than or equal to the nearest century, year, month, date, hour, minute, or second as specified by the 'date_format'. |
| NEXT_DAY (x, week_day) | Returns the next date of the 'week_day' on or after the date 'x' occurs. |
| LAST_DAY (x) | It is used to determine the number of days remaining in a month from the date 'x' specified. |
| SYSDATE | Returns the systems current date and time. |
| NEW_TIME (x, zone1, zone2) | Returns the date and time in zone2 if date 'x' represents the time in zone1. |
The below table provides the examples for the above functions
| Function Name | Examples | Return Value |
| ADD_MONTHS ( ) | ADD_MONTHS ('16-Sep-81', 3) | 16-Dec-81 |
| MONTHS_BETWEEN( ) | MONTHS_BETWEEN ('16-Sep-81', '16-Dec-81') | 3 |
| NEXT_DAY( ) | NEXT_DAY ('01-Jun-08', 'Wednesday') | 04-JUN-08 |
| LAST_DAY( ) | LAST_DAY ('01-Jun-08') | 30-Jun-08 |
| NEW_TIME( ) | NEW_TIME ('01-Jun-08', 'IST', 'EST') | 31-May-08 |
4) Conversion Functions:
These are functions that help us to convert a value in one form to another form. For Ex: a null value into an actual value, or a value from one datatype to another datatype like NVL, TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, TO_DATE.
Few of the conversion functions available in oracle are:
| Function Name | Return Value |
| TO_CHAR (x [,y]) | Converts Numeric and Date values to a character string value. It cannot be used for calculations since it is a string value. |
| TO_DATE (x [, date_format]) | Converts a valid Numeric and Character values to a Date value. Date is formatted to the format specified by 'date_format'. |
| NVL (x, y) | If 'x' is NULL, replace it with 'y'. 'x' and 'y' must be of the same datatype. |
| DECODE (a, b, c, d, e, default_value) | Checks the value of 'a', if a = b, then returns 'c'. If a = d, then returns 'e'. Else, returns default_value. |
The below table provides the examples for the above functions
| Function Name | Examples | Return Value |
| TO_CHAR () | TO_CHAR (3000, '$9999') TO_CHAR (SYSDATE, 'Day, Month YYYY') |
$3000 Monday, June 2008 |
| TO_DATE () | TO_DATE ('01-Jun-08') | 01-Jun-08 |
| NVL () | NVL (null, 1) | 1 |
